Magnificat antiphons of 17-23 December, already commented on in the 9th century

Magnificat antiphons of 17-23 December, already commented on in the 9th century

The O Antiphons — the seven great antiphons of Advent

O Wisdom, O Adonai, O Root of Jesse…: the last seven days before Christmas

LatinEnglish

Die XVII decembrisO Sapientia, quae ex ore Altissimi prodiisti,
attingens a fine usque ad finem,
fortiter suaviterque disponens omnia:
veni ad docendum nos viam prudentiae.

17 December — O WisdomO Wisdom, who camest forth from the mouth of the Most High,
reaching from end to end,
and ordering all things mightily and sweetly:
come and teach us the way of prudence.

Die XVIII decembrisO Adonai, et Dux domus Israel,
qui Moysi in igne flammae rubi apparuisti,
et ei in Sina legem dedisti:
veni ad redimendum nos in brachio extento.

18 December — O AdonaiO Adonai, and Leader of the house of Israel,
who didst appear to Moses in the flame of the burning bush,
and gavest him the law on Sinai:
come and redeem us with an outstretched arm.

Die XIX decembrisO Radix Iesse, qui stas in signum populorum,
super quem continebunt reges os suum,
quem gentes deprecabuntur:
veni ad liberandum nos, iam noli tardare.

19 December — O Root of JesseO Root of Jesse, who standest for an ensign of the peoples,
before whom kings shall keep silence,
and unto whom the nations shall make supplication:
come and deliver us, and tarry not.

Die XX decembrisO Clavis David, et sceptrum domus Israel,
qui aperis, et nemo claudit,
claudis, et nemo aperit:
veni, et educ vinctum de domo carceris,
sedentem in tenebris et umbra mortis.

20 December — O Key of DavidO Key of David, and Sceptre of the house of Israel,
who openest, and no man shutteth,
who shuttest, and no man openeth:
come and bring forth the captive from the prison house,
who sitteth in darkness and in the shadow of death.

Die XXI decembrisO Oriens, splendor lucis aeternae,
et sol iustitiae:
veni, et illumina sedentes in tenebris et umbra mortis.

21 December — O DayspringO Dayspring, brightness of the light eternal,
and Sun of justice:
come and enlighten them that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death.

Die XXII decembrisO Rex gentium, et desideratus earum,
lapisque angularis, qui facis utraque unum:
veni, et salva hominem,
quem de limo formasti.

22 December — O King of the nationsO King of the nations, and their Desired,
the cornerstone, who makest both one:
come and save man,
whom thou didst form out of clay.

Die XXIII decembrisO Emmanuel, Rex et legifer noster,
exspectatio gentium, et Salvator earum:
veni ad salvandum nos, Domine, Deus noster.

23 December — O EmmanuelO Emmanuel, our King and Lawgiver,
the Expectation of the nations and their Saviour:
come to save us, O Lord our God.

SourceMagnificat antiphons of 17-23 December, already commented on in the 9th century · O Wisdom, O Adonai, O Root of Jesse…: the last seven days before Christmas

The history of this prayer

The O Antiphons are seven antiphons the Church sings with the Magnificat at Vespers from 17 to 23 December, the last days of Advent. Each begins with the cry “O” and calls on the Messiah by a title from the Old Testament: Wisdom, Adonai, Root of Jesse, Key of David, Dayspring, King of the nations, Emmanuel. And each ends with the same plea: “Come!”

They are very old. In the ninth century Amalarius of Metz already wrote a detailed commentary on them, and some scholars date them several centuries earlier, though this is not certain. In today’s Mass they also serve as the Alleluia verses on those days.

The ERO CRAS acrostic

Read backwards, the initials of the Latin titles (Emmanuel, Rex, Oriens, Clavis, Radix, Adonai, Sapientia) spell ERO CRAS: “Tomorrow I will be there”. It sounds like Christ’s answer, on Christmas Eve, to seven days of pleading. Some see in it the intention of whoever arranged them, others a coincidence; either way, it is a lovely key.

Medieval England added an eighth antiphon, “O Virgo virginum” (“O Virgin of virgins”), and began the series on 16 December; the acrostic then became VERO CRAS, “truly, tomorrow”.

How to pray them at home

From 17 to 23 December, say the antiphon of the day, perhaps at the Advent wreath or by the crib still waiting for the Child, followed by the Magnificat or an Our Father. The hymn “O come, O come, Emmanuel” (Veni, veni, Emmanuel) is a metrical paraphrase of these antiphons.

The English and Portuguese here are our own translations from the Latin.

Frequently asked questions

What are the O Antiphons?

The seven Magnificat antiphons at Vespers from 17 to 23 December. Each begins with “O” and a title of the Messiah, and ends with the plea “Come!”.

Which antiphon is said on which day?

17: O Wisdom; 18: O Adonai; 19: O Root of Jesse; 20: O Key of David; 21: O Dayspring; 22: O King of the nations; 23: O Emmanuel.

What does ERO CRAS mean?

“Tomorrow I will be there”, in Latin. It is spelled by the initials of the seven titles read from last to first: Emmanuel, Rex, Oriens, Clavis, Radix, Adonai, Sapientia.

More prayers: Advent and Christmas

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